Yeast infections are not considered sexually transmitted infections (STIs) because most yeast infections are not transmitted person to person, and they can occur in people who have never had sex. Indeed, most of the time yeast infections develop because of factors that throw off the microbial balance of the body — such as hormonal changes and antibiotic use — and allow Candida yeasts to grow out of control, causing infection.
In Women Women, Yeast Infections, and Sexual Activity But yeast infections can share many of the same symptoms as some STIs or sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ), such as vaginal itching , burning, pain, and discharge . ( 1 ) Given the prevalence of STDs and yeast infections, it’s not unreasonable for a woman to wonder if a yeast infection may increase her risk of other vaginal infections . For the most part, yeast infections aren’t associated with the development of an STD. But by scratching to relieve vaginal itching , you may inadvertently create microscopic tears in the skin that allow bacteria or viruses that cause STDs to enter your body more easily. ( 2 )
HIV as Risk Factor HIV and Vaginal Yeast Infections Though yeast infections aren’t typically associated with STDs, they do have a well-known connection to HIV/AIDS , an STD that is often spread through sexual activity. HIV/AIDS can also be transmitted through direct contact of bodily fluids with an open wound or a tear in the skin and dirty needles. HIV is a known risk factor for yeast infections — it suppresses the immune system, allowing opportunistic infections to take root. In women living with HIV, vaginal yeast infections occur more frequently and are more difficult to treat, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ( 3 ) Some research also suggests that the connection works the other way around: vaginal yeast infections may increase a woman’s risk of getting HIV. In one study, researchers looked at women who were not HIV positive but who were in a sexual relationship with someone who was. They found that the women who eventually contracted HIV were significantly more likely to have had yeast infections. They concluded that women in high-risk relationships should receive regular gynecological evaluation and be taught how to prevent yeast infections — and to treat them quickly when they do occur — to decrease their risk of HIV infection. ( 4 ) Since yeast infections can irritate the vaginal lining even if you haven’t been scratching, it’s a good idea to use condoms if you plan to be sexually active while you have a yeast infection and don’t know the HIV status of your partner. Of course, this is standard advice even when you don’t have a yeast infection.
Safe Sex and Infection Vaginal Yeast Infections and Safe Vaginal Sex Generally, it’s recommended to wait to have sex until after your infection clears — which typically only takes one to seven days with antifungal medications. (1) If you’re considering having sex while you have a vaginal yeast infection, it’s important to first consider the risks. For one thing, the vaginal itching and burning associated with yeast infections may make sex uncomfortable or painful and increase vaginal burning and inflammation. ( 7 ) Additionally, the friction involved with penetrative sex can cause tiny tears in the vagina, making you more susceptible to STDs. Another thing that might hinder you from having sex is the yeast infection treatment method you’re using. If you’re using creams to treat your vaginal yeast infection, it’s best to delay intercourse until the therapy is complete, as sex can essentially push the medication out of the vagina. (7) What’s more, some medications contain oils that can break down condoms. (2) Condoms should generally only be used with water-based or silicone-based lubricants, otherwise they can be damaged and ineffective for STD and pregnancy prevention. Instructions for which type of lubricant is safe to use should be found on the condom package. In general, yeast infections aren’t frequently spread from one partner to another during sex. Even so, there are situations where it does happen. ( 8 )
In Men Men, Yeast Infections, and Sexual Activity It’s possible for men to get a yeast infection from a sex partner who also has an infection. The risk of men getting a yeast infection through sex is low, but up to 15 percent of men may get an uncomfortable rash on their penis if they have unprotected sex with a woman who has a yeast infection. The rate seems to be highest among men who are not circumcised and men with diabetes. (8) In lesbian relationships, it’s possible that yeast infections may be spread from one partner to another through oral sex, although the issue has not yet been studied extensively. In one study, researchers found that women were more likely to get repeat yeast infections if they recently engaged in cunnilingus (oral sex involving the vagina) or masturbated with saliva (theirs or their partner’s), though the study focused on heterosexual couples. ( 9 ) If your partner (male or female) begins to experience any signs of a yeast infection, such as itching, burning, redness, or discharge, he or she should see a doctor to confirm the diagnosis and begin treatment. While less common, it’s also possible to get an anal yeast infection, due to many of the same factors that cause vaginal yeast infections, such as damp or tight-fitting clothing, poor hygiene, and excessive sweating. It can also be caused by a buildup of Candida in the intestines that travels into the anal canal. Like a vaginal yeast infection, an anal yeast infection is not considered an STD, but it can be spread through unprotected anal sex. ( 10 ) Although yeast infections aren’t dangerous for most people, they can cause discomfort such as vaginal itching and burning. Decisions regarding sexual activity during a yeast infection ultimately depend on what you and your partner feel most comfortable doing.
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